The skills of emotional literacy and self-regulation that we learn in the Personal Domain are undoubtedly of great benefit to us as we progress through life. However, as human beings are social by nature, it is equally important that we can relate well with others. It was previously thought that social traits are inborn and immutable, but recent scientific research increasingly suggests that social traits can be cultivated through learning, reflection and intentional practice. “Social” refers to our immediate interpersonal interactions, as well as interactions within a small-scale community, such as a school, office, family or neighborhood. Larger-scale communities, such as a town, a society, or the world as a whole, are covered in the third and final domain, Global.
Awareness, Compassion and Engagement in a Social Context
The Social Domain is similar to the Personal Domain in many ways, except that the focus is now on others rather than ourselves. Again, we move through the three dimensions of Awareness, Compassion and Engagement. Awareness here means a basic awareness of others, as well as an awareness of ourselves as social beings – that is, we exist in relation to others, we need others, and our actions impact others. This awareness also includes an understanding of what we as humans have in common and what differentiates us from one another. Compassion involves using the knowledge gained in the Personal Domain to now understand others and their emotions, so that we are less reactive and judgmental. We also use this insight to develop other social traits, such as gratitude, forgiveness, generosity and humility. Lastly, the Engagement dimension involves putting this awareness and insight together to learn how to relate positively and constructively toward others. Thus, the three components of the Social Domain can be considered as:
- Interpersonal Awareness
- Compassion for Others
- Relationship Skills
Interpersonal Awareness
While we all have a natural tendency to focus on our own narrow self-interest, training to relate to others with their best interests in mind is a skill that can be learned over time. This brings great benefit not just to others, but to ourselves as well. For instance, generating a sense of appreciation for others enhances feelings of well-being, as well as feelings of interpersonal connection. Interpersonal awareness is covered through three main topics:
- Attending to Our Social Reality
- Attending to Our Shared Reality with Others
- Appreciating Diversity and Difference
Attending to our social reality refers to the ability to recognize our inherently social nature and the importance of others and the roles they play in our lives. Attending to our shared reality with others involves appreciating what we share with others on a fundamental level, such as wanting happiness and to avoid suffering. Finally, appreciating diversity and difference is to respect the diversity, uniqueness and difference of individuals and groups, and to see how they add to our collective life.
Attending to Our Social Reality
As the saying goes, “no man is an island.” The reality is that we humans are social beings, and countless other people play an important role in our lives, whether we realize it or not. The basic fact that others exist and experience the world as subjects, just as we do, can sometimes escape us. This makes it very easy to fall into the trap of thinking that we’re the only ones who have wants and needs, who should be cared for, and so on.
To begin with, we can start to reflect on the people who have shaped who we are, who continue to affect our existence, and who will affect us in the future. For instance, we can think of our parents or others who provided or still provide us with basic necessities and protection. Others give us companionship. On a wider level, countless people grow the food we eat and make the clothes we wear. Reflecting on these facts lays the groundwork for cultivating appreciation, empathy and compassion for others.
Attending to Our Shared Reality with Others
Beyond the fact that others exist and provide for us, we need to come to the recognition that they have emotional lives as well. The basic appreciation of others is enhanced here by recognizing our fundamental similarities, and that any differences need not stop us from appreciating them. The similarities that we concentrate on are our basic human experiences. These are common to all human beings. Others, just like ourselves, wish to have well-being and do not want difficulties and suffering. They have emotional lives that include wants, needs, fears, hopes and so on. They get sick, have limitations, run into obstacles, experience joys and setbacks. The recognition of these commonalities is a skill that can be cultivated and made habitual.
Once we have developed a certain degree of emotional literacy, including a map of the mind and first-person emotional awareness, it is easy to note the similarities we share with others. At the same time, we need to explore how others are not like us. Although everyone has wants, needs, fears and hopes, they do not necessarily want, need or fear the same things that we do. This fact needs to be acknowledged and respected. Moreover, others have different life experiences, perspectives and knowledge, all of which can be appreciated. Recognizing our differences while appreciating our similarities creates an understanding of ourselves and others that serves as an important aspect of relationship skills.
Appreciating Diversity and Difference
One part of our shared reality with others is that we are all unique and different, and that we belong to social groups that have their distinctive characteristics and differ from other groups. We each have a different upbringing, a different family environment, and unique experiences that shape our perspectives, attitudes and aspirations.
Diversity is therefore a part of our shared reality and can be appreciated as such – something that can bring us together, rather than push us apart. Respecting differences and the way diversity contributes to our collective life is an especially important type of awareness in our increasingly pluralistic and globalized world. It provides a foundation for genuine empathy and compassion.
Compassion for Others
All social traits can be seen to both stem from, and contribute to, compassion for others. While interpersonal awareness paves the way for the cultivation of a wide range of social traits, compassion helps to place them into an ethical context. There are three ways to develop compassion for others:
- Understanding Others’ Feelings and Emotions in Context
- Appreciating and Cultivating Kindness and Compassion
- Appreciating and Cultivating Other Ethical Dispositions
Understanding Others’ Feelings and Emotions in Context
Not understanding our own emotions can lead to self-judgment; similarly, when we see other people act in ways we do not understand or approve of, we naturally react with judgment. In the same way that understanding how our emotions arise from wants and needs leads to self-acceptance and self-compassion, this process likewise works when looking at others.
If we understand that other people’s actions are spurred by emotions, and that these emotions arise within a context and from an underlying need, it can lead to empathy and compassion rather than anger and judgment. The intention here is not to excuse inappropriate behavior, but to understand others and their emotions on a human level.
Appreciating and Cultivating Kindness and Compassion
It might seem obvious that we should value compassion over cruelty, yet it is easy to become estranged from this basic fact. From our own experience and from historical examples we can see how we ourselves have not always valued compassion. Throughout history there are countless examples when humans have accepted the cruelty of others, or simply dismissed their own cruel acts.
Compassion is a powerful principle that can greatly benefit us, but simply ordering our minds to be compassionate doesn’t work. We need to understand what compassion is and is not, and come to value it as something we wish to cultivate. It is usually easier to start with kindness – developing a considerate, caring attitude toward others – before moving on to compassion.
Compassion is defined as the wish to alleviate the suffering of others. Although many do not view compassion as a central aspect of human existence, research points to the biological roots of compassion. All mammals and birds require maternal care to survive, due to the fact that they cannot live on their own after birth. Altruistic behavior in various species, including humans, creates reciprocal bonding that supports survival and flourishing on both the individual and group levels. Thus, in many ways, compassion is a matter of survival. This explains why humans have a strong preference for kindness from a very young age, and why we respond so positively to compassion, even on a physiological level.
Appreciating and Cultivating Other Ethical Dispositions
Aside from compassion, we can also cultivate dispositions including gratitude, forgiveness, contentment, humility, patience and so on. Common to all of these ethical dispositions is that they refer to inner qualities – rather than material possessions or accomplishments – that bring benefit and happiness to our lives. A focus on valuing people and appreciating how they enrich our lives is opposite to the idea that self-promotion and the acquisition of possessions are the keys to long-term satisfaction and happiness. We need to come to appreciate just how important these inner qualities are. Research shows that while life satisfaction drops off after a certain level of material well-being, there are strong links between gratitude and happiness in children and adults alike. Gratitude not only leads to greater life satisfaction; but can also be a powerful antidote to the materialistic messages conveyed by social media, advertising and television.
Other people benefit us in so many ways, and it isn’t even necessary that it is intentional for us to experience the benefits. We can also appreciate what others haven’t done – they haven’t stolen, harmed, or insulted us. On a more advanced level, we can even learn to appreciate the benefit we receive when others act in harmful ways. We can study the examples of people who experience and yet survive extreme hardship, managing to transform their perspectives and lead happier, more fulfilling lives. While we shouldn’t condone the wrong behavior of others, this ability to take a new perspective is a powerful way to release anger, resentment and hatred. Our exploration of the ways in which others benefit us can result in the cultivation of a genuine and abiding sense of gratitude, which in turn serves as a powerful bond and connection with others.
When we reflect on the disadvantages of a self-centered attitude, and how our own happiness and well-being depend on the countless acts of kindness shown by others, we will naturally feel gratitude.
We also need to cultivate empathy, which is the ability to recognize and be sensitive to the experiences of others, including both their joys and sorrows. Most of us automatically feel empathy with our friends and loved ones, but it is possible to expand it to be wide-reaching and impartial. When we combine empathy with the knowledge of our fundamental shared similarities, a genuine empathy that is less constrained by bias can emerge. Relating with others empathically involves making an effort to understand their viewpoint and situation. For instance, instead of saying “this person is selfish,” we can instead say “their behavior can be considered selfish.” This helps us not to see the person as permanently selfish and allows us to be open to noticing instances when they are being unselfish.
As we explore our similarities with others and develop gratitude and empathy, we also naturally start to generate forgiveness. When we’ve released our unrealistic expectations and cultivated self-acceptance, it will be easy to release anger and resentment that we hold toward others. Forgiveness thus becomes a gift we give to ourselves.
Relationship Skills
We routinely have to navigate complex social interactions, from friendships to family drama to office dynamics. An ability to adapt to a wide range of social settings is necessary in order to be happy and successful. Long-term well-being is significantly related to the ability to form and maintain meaningful and positive relationships, while also being able to recognize and terminate harmful ones.
The previous two components of this course – awareness of our social nature, combined with understanding others’ emotions in context – create a foundation upon which we can build the actual skills, behaviors and practices that are most conducive to our own and others’ well-being. Even if our behavior is grounded in empathy and compassion, sometimes our actions actually prove counterproductive. We might have good intentions, but can end up inadvertently causing difficulties for ourselves and others. We can minimize this by gaining more experience. We can actively practice any skills learned until they become embodied and natural. There are four aspects that we can train in:
- Empathic Listening
- Skillful Communication
- Helping Others
- Conflict Transformation
Empathic Listening
Empathic listening is to listen to others with an open mind, and to not become closed off due to emotional reactivity. It is grounded in respect and appreciation for the other person, even if their views differ from our own. We can practice empathic listening with “deep listening” exercises where we attempt to listen to others without comment or judgment for a few minutes at a time. Or, we can watch or listen to people who say things we might disagree with, but then pause to paraphrase or re-state what they say before we react to it emotionally.
Empathic listening should be listening that pays attention not only to surface-level content, but also the underlying needs and aspirations that may provide the context for understanding the content of what people say.
Skillful Communication
Listening is very important, but we also need to be able to communicate what we want to say in a way that is considerate, productive and empowering to ourselves and others. The concept of “empowering communication” refers to our ability to speak respectfully and articulately, not only for ourselves, but also for those who may not be able to speak for themselves. Debate can be a very powerful tool. For instance, we could choose to debate with friends, and take the side that we would normally disagree with. Since we as humans have a tendency to delegitimize or even dehumanize those who oppose our viewpoints, such exercises can help to cultivate humility, intellectual curiosity and a sense of common humanity.
Helping Others
Listening and communicating are fundamental, but there are innumerable other ways to help others. Helping others should always be appropriate to others’ needs, and also proportionate to our own ability. From community service to volunteerism to “random acts of kindness,” research shows that providing help contributes even more to our own well-being than receiving help.
We can take time to reflect on the process of helping others: how we feel when we do it, what we learn from it, how we could enhance it, and what impact it has on those we’re trying to help. Finally, we can explore what kind of help others may truly need for their long-term well-being, beyond what may appear superficially to be the case.
Conflict Transformation
We inevitably encounter conflict throughout our lives. Conflict is not necessarily bad in itself; but learning to navigate conflict for ourselves and others is a vital skill. Resolving a conflict is only part of the way toward a transformation of circumstances and relationships that can enhance well-being for both sides. For this, we need to be able to respond constructively to conflict and to facilitate collaboration, reconciliation and peaceful relations.
Inner peacefulness serves as the foundation for outer peacefulness. Likewise, inner reconciliation can lead to outer reconciliation. Dealing with our inner world maximizes the chances of successful conflict transformation. Without the cultivation of humility, empathy, compassion, forgiveness, impartiality and a recognition of our shared common humanity, conflict transformation and resolution are difficult, if not impossible. Where these skills are present, the task of conflict resolution can become a deep and truly transformative experience for all parties involved.
Summary
In the first part of this course, we develop emotional literacy in order to better understand ourselves. In this second part, we use this understanding to engage with others: our family, friends, colleagues and the strangers we encounter. The cultivation of relationship skills is tied to the principles of kindness and compassion. Once we practice them sufficiently, social skills do not remain merely a set of techniques; they transform into a natural outcome of our sense of appreciation and concern for others. When we adopt and practice positive strategies throughout the social contexts we experience, not only are our relationships more harmonious, but we become happier and more fulfilled.
If you would like to go deeper, read the full version of the SEE Learning Framework and learn about the other programs of the Center for Contemplative Science and Compassion-Based Ethics.