The transmission of Buddhism between cultures requires a deep understanding of both the donor and recipient societies in order to develop appropriate forms of cultural adaptation. Historical experience shows that Buddhism can successfully take root in new societies when its teachings are adapted creatively while preserving their essential meaning and aims. Effective adaptation involves emphasizing themes relevant to a particular culture and applying established Buddhist concepts to new cultural circumstances without denying other essential aspects of the Dharma. At the same time, cultural adaptation must avoid both abandoning teachings that seem unsuitable to modern audiences and introducing ideas that are inconsistent with the Buddhist tradition. The decline of Buddhism in India demonstrates the dangers of failing to meet the religious and social needs of lay communities, particularly when Buddhist institutions are centered almost entirely on monastic life. Other historical examples illustrate how excessive institutional wealth, inappropriate religious syncretism and the loss of Buddhism’s distinctive aims can weaken its position within society. The successful establishment of Buddhism in modern societies therefore depends on culturally sensitive, creative and responsible adaptation guided by historical experience and a commitment to preserving the integrity of the Dharma.