Buddhist Scriptures

The Fragmentation of Tibet after Langdarma’s Assassination The Tibetan Empire disintegrated after the assassination of Langdarma in 842 CE. Central authority was not restored for four centuries. The imperial Tibetan troops had already started to withdraw from the border...

Chinggis Khan In 1207 CE, news reached Tibet that Chinggis Khan (Sog-po Ching-ge-se Kh’ang) (1162 – 1227) had conquered the Tangut Empire in Gansu and Amdo. The Tibetans had a close relation with the Tanguts at this time. They had already been engaged in translating Buddhist...

The Relation between Reinforced and Enacted Karmic Impulses and Inciting and Incited Karmic Impulses  One of the main sources about karma from the Abhidharma Basket is Revealing Karma (Las gdags-pa, Skt. Karmaprajñapti) by Buddha’s disciple Maudgalyayana. In it,...

Tangut Thwarting of Qarakhanid Plans for Further Expansion After the fall of Khotan, the Qarakhanids could not press further eastward in their campaign to capture the rest of the southern Tarim. Mahmud of Ghazni attacked from the south and war ensued between the two Turkic...

The Establishment of the Jurchen Empire The Jurchen were a Tungusic Manchu people whose homeland was in northern Manchuria and the adjacent region of southeastern Siberia across the Amur River. They were for­est dwellers whom the Khitans conscripted for their ritual hunts....

Examine the meaning of oral transmission and how it can be adapted in the digital age.

Buddha taught in such a way that everyone could understand his words in their own language. That means that it is possible to convey the Buddhist teachings in all languages, no matter how challenging that might be.

Each undertaking of translation from a specific base language to a specific target language has its unique linguistic challenges. In addition, it is important to understand well not only both languages, but also both cultures.

The Berzin Archives (later Study Buddhism) project of translations of articles and original texts into multiple languages can offer a model for the Tengyur translation project.

The various ways of dividing Buddha’s verbal teachings according to different textual points of view.