Diagnosis of disease in Tibetan medicine is done by a three-fold process: visual examination, pulse and urine analysis, and questioning the patient about symptoms.

Treatment is made by suggesting patients modify their diet and behavior, and then prescribing herbal medicines, as well as sometimes acupuncture, moxabustion or other external proce­dures.

Existent phenomena are defined as what is validly knowable. In the Sautrantika system, existent phenomena are divided into nonstatic objective entities and static metaphysical ones.

Bare cognition is a fresh, nonfraudulent awareness that is non-deceptive and parted from concepts.

A semblance of a bare cognition is an awareness that is deceptive with respect to its appearing object.

Conceptual cognition is a deceptive cognition, because it confuses a category and generic representation of a member of a category with a specific item. Western languages call such conceptual labeling “projection.”

What has been listened to, what has been thought about and what has been meditated upon are types of conceptual cognition.

An overview of the different numbers of valid ways of knowing in Indian tenet systems.

Something that has an object is defined as a functional phenomenon that continually possesses an object appropriate to itself. The study approach to this material is in terms of sets and debates.

Apprehension is an accurate, decisive cognition of its own object. Of the seven ways of knowing, bare cognition, inferential cognition and subsequent cognition are apprehensions.