Ways of Knowing

The Tibetan debate process is a learning and clarifying process for ways of knowing, which is then intended for application in meditation and in practice.

Understanding the difference between affirmation phenomena, which are known simply by affirming the presence or existence of something, and negation phenomena, known by negating the presence or existence of something, enables us to understand nonstaticness and voidness.

Apprehension is an accurate, decisive cognition of its own object. Of the seven ways of knowing, bare cognition, inferential cognition and subsequent cognition are apprehensions.

An overview of objects that are not decisively cognized within the context of conceptual and nonconceptual cognition.

With non-determining cognition, the involved object of the cognition appears clearly and accurately, but without a decisive determination of it.

An overview of the ways of knowing within the context and point of view of the different Indian Buddhist philosophical tenet systems.

Presumptive cognition is an invalid cognition that conceptually takes its object correctly and freshly but presumes it to be true either for no reason, a wrong one, or even a right one but without understanding why it is correct.

Examples illustrating the seven ways of knowing, and how to identify and apply them in our daily lives.

Comparing non-Prasangika and Prasangika Indian logic for gaining valid inferential cognition of a conclusion about an object.

These three types of comprehensible phenomena include all existent phenomena – all phenomena that can be validly known.