Ways of Knowing

An overview of the different numbers of valid ways of knowing in Indian tenet systems.

Distorted cognition is a way of knowing that takes its own object in an inverted manner.

Indecisive wavering is a mental factor in conceptual cognition that vacillates between two conclusions concerning its object.

Bare cognition is a fresh, nonfraudulent awareness that is non-deceptive and parted from concepts.

A semblance of a bare cognition is an awareness that is deceptive with respect to its appearing object.

Buddhist psychology and science have a great deal of relevance for Westerners. The religious aspects of Buddhism can supplement, but not substitute them.

Comparing non-Prasangika and Prasangika Indian logic for gaining valid inferential cognition of a conclusion about an object.

An overview of the ways of knowing within the context and point of view of the different Indian Buddhist philosophical tenet systems.

An overview of the Sautrantika list of the seven ways of knowing, which include valid and non-valid ways of knowing.

Existent phenomena are defined as what is validly knowable. In the Sautrantika system, existent phenomena are divided into nonstatic objective entities and static metaphysical ones.