In his commentary on the “Guhyasamaja Tantra,” Chandrakirti presents the six alternative meanings and four modes or contexts for explaining the purposely obscure language, known as “vajra expressions,” of the anuttarayoga root tantra texts. The use of vajra expressions in these root texts was to ensure that disciples rely closely on tantric masters for studying and practicing tantra.

Before 1959, Tibetan Muslims living in Central Tibet were the descendents of Muslim merchants who spoke Tibetan and followed most Tibetan customs. In Indian exile as well, the Muslim and Buddhist Tibetan communities live in harmony, with religious tolerance.

The non-conceptual understanding of voidness will stop the tainted aggregates from uncontrollably recurring.